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SAT boundaries questions: how to answer them

Which punctuation correctly marks the boundary between clauses or phrases: commas, semicolons, colons, dashes and full stops.

Practise boundaries →Timed module

What the question looks like

Each question has its own short text (a passage, a pair of texts, a table or a student's notes) and four options. The usual question is: Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

How to answer it

  1. Find the subject and verb on each side of the blank. Is each side an independent clause?
  2. Two independent clauses: full stop, semicolon, colon (if the second explains the first), or comma + and/but/so.
  3. Independent clause + phrase or list: colon or comma, depending on the job.
  4. Extra information inside a sentence: matching pair of commas, dashes or brackets.

Common traps

In the harder second module

Hard questions hide the clause boundary behind long phrases, use semicolons to separate list items that contain commas, or test titles before names ('biologist Ana Ruiz', no comma).

Every rule tested is in the grammar rules reference.

Worked example

Worked example (easier)

The hikers reached the summit just before noon ______ they stopped to eat lunch and enjoy the view.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

  1. . There,
  2. there
  3. , there,
  4. , there

Answer: A: . There,

Both parts are independent clauses ('The hikers reached the summit...' and 'they stopped...'). A period correctly separates them, and 'There,' begins the new sentence.

Why the other options are wrong

  • B: With no punctuation the two clauses run together.
  • C: Commas around 'there' still leave the two independent clauses joined by only a comma.
  • D: A comma alone between two independent clauses creates a comma splice.

Practice questions

Try each one before you open the answer. Every answer explains why the right option is right and why each of the other three is wrong. Answers to the first 4 are open to everyone; the rest need only a free account. Questions use American English, as the SAT does.

Question 1 (medium)

The town's oldest building, a stone mill built in ______ now houses a small museum of local history.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

  1. 1782,
  2. 1782
  3. 1782;
  4. 1782:
Show the answer and why each option is right or wrong

Answer: A: 1782,

'a stone mill built in 1782' is a nonessential appositive that opens with a comma after 'building', so it must close with a comma too.

Why the other options are wrong

  • B: The appositive needs a closing comma to match the opening one.
  • C: A semicolon cannot separate the subject from its verb 'houses'.
  • D: A colon cannot separate the subject from its verb.

Question 2 (hard)

The committee expected the new policy to save money ______ it cost the city nearly twice as much as the old one in its first year.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

  1. instead,
  2. , instead
  3. , instead,
  4. ; instead,
Show the answer and why each option is right or wrong

Answer: D: ; instead,

Two independent clauses are joined here, with the transition 'instead' at the start of the second. A semicolon separates the clauses and a comma follows the transition.

Why the other options are wrong

  • A: With no punctuation before 'instead', the two clauses run together.
  • B: This is a comma splice, and 'instead' runs straight into the second clause.
  • C: 'instead' is a transition, not a conjunction, so commas around it leave a comma splice.

Question 3 (hard)

The study's authors note that their sample was small. Their findings ______ are consistent with those of three larger studies conducted in other countries.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

  1. however,
  2. ; however,
  3. , however
  4. , however,
Show the answer and why each option is right or wrong

Answer: D: , however,

'however' interrupts the clause 'Their findings are consistent...', so it is set off by commas on both sides.

Why the other options are wrong

  • A: Without an opening comma, the interrupter is not properly set off.
  • B: A semicolon would require an independent clause before it, and 'Their findings' is not one.
  • C: Interrupting words need commas on both sides.

Question 4 (hard)

Engineers proposed two ways to protect the harbor from rising seas. The first was a movable barrier that would close only during storms. ______ a series of artificial reefs that would weaken waves before they reached the shore.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

  1. The second was
  2. The second being
  3. The second;
  4. The second,
Show the answer and why each option is right or wrong

Answer: A: The second was

This sentence needs a subject and a verb. 'The second was a series of artificial reefs...' is a complete sentence.

Why the other options are wrong

  • B: 'being' is not a main verb, so the sentence remains a fragment.
  • C: A semicolon after 'The second' leaves both parts as fragments.
  • D: Without a verb, 'The second, a series of artificial reefs...' is a fragment.

Question 5 (easier)

Shortbread, a traditional Scottish cookie, is one of the simplest things a beginner can bake. The recipe calls for three ______ flour, sugar, and butter.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

  1. ingredients
  2. ingredients,
  3. ingredients:
  4. ingredients;

The solution is free with a free account.

Question 6 (medium)

Many desert plants open their pores only at ______ they lose far less water in the cool night air than they would in the heat of the day.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

  1. night
  2. night, therefore,
  3. night;
  4. night,

The solution is free with a free account.

Question 7 (medium)

Octopuses can change the color and texture of their skin in a fraction of a second. Marine biologist ______ has spent a decade studying how they use this camouflage to hunt.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

  1. , Aiyana Redcloud
  2. Aiyana Redcloud,
  3. , Aiyana Redcloud,
  4. Aiyana Redcloud

The solution is free with a free account.

Question 8 (hard)

The researchers tested three types of soil: sandy soil from the coast, which drained ______ clay soil from the river valley, which held water for days; and loam from the hills, which fell somewhere in between.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

  1. quickly;
  2. quickly
  3. quickly,
  4. quickly:

The solution is free with a free account.

Question 9 (hard)

Only one feature distinguished the forged painting from the ______ the signature, which was slightly too large.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

  1. original;
  2. original:
  3. original,
  4. original

The solution is free with a free account.

Question 10 (hard)

Some species of bamboo flower only once every several decades. When they ______ every plant of the species, across entire regions, blooms at the same time and then dies.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

  1. do,
  2. do.
  3. do:
  4. do;

The solution is free with a free account.

Question 11 (hard)

The architect's designs are admired for their ______ every window is placed to frame a particular view of the surrounding hills.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

  1. precision:
  2. precision
  3. precision,
  4. precision, for example,

The solution is free with a free account.

Question 12 (hard)

The novel's ______ a lighthouse keeper who has not spoken to another person in eleven years, narrates the entire book in the form of entries in his logbook.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

  1. protagonist,
  2. protagonist
  3. protagonist;
  4. protagonist:

The solution is free with a free account.

Question 13 (hard)

The bridge was closed for repairs for six ______ commuters who usually crossed it had to take a ferry or drive an extra forty minutes.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

  1. months
  2. months, and
  3. months, and,
  4. months,

The solution is free with a free account.

Question 14 (hard)

Ethnobotanist Ravi Iyer documented more than two hundred medicinal plants used by healers in the region. Many of ______ had never been described in any scientific publication.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

  1. them, he found
  2. them he found,
  3. them, he found,
  4. them; he found,

The solution is free with a free account.

Question 15 (hard)

The festival's organizers faced a difficult ______ cancel the outdoor concerts because of the storm or move them indoors to a hall that held only half as many people.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

  1. choice; they could,
  2. choice: they could
  3. choice they could
  4. choice, they could

The solution is free with a free account.

Question 16 (hard)

The sculptor carved the statue from a single block of ______ a material so heavy that the finished work had to be lifted into the gallery by crane.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

  1. granite
  2. granite.
  3. granite;
  4. granite,

The solution is free with a free account.

Question 17 (hard)

In her 2019 essay ______ the historian argues that the city's famous canals were dug as much for defense as for trade.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

  1. "Water, and Walls"
  2. "Water and Walls":
  3. "Water and Walls";
  4. "Water and Walls,"

The solution is free with a free account.

Question 18 (hard)

The first transatlantic telegraph cable, completed in 1858, worked for only three weeks. ______ messages took so long to send that a single 98-word greeting required more than sixteen hours.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

  1. Even while it worked;
  2. Even while it worked:
  3. Even while it worked,
  4. Even, while it worked

The solution is free with a free account.

Keep going

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